The role of universities in promoting innovation is an important initiative that enables them to fulfill their third mission. Innovation has become essential for competitiveness in a dynamic business environment, in addition to helping universities stand out. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate what universities have done to foster innovation, whether alone or with the participation of other actors, in the environments in which they operate. The research, conducted through a literature review, analyzed relevant case studies and theoretical concepts related to innovation, innovation ecosystems, and universities. The results indicate that universities that adopt a proactive stance, strengthening partnerships with companies, governments, and research centers, and participate in more robust and competitive innovation ecosystems. Examples such as IIT Madras, the KIWANGO Leather Cluster, and the JITRI model in China demonstrate the importance of collaboration and strengthening institutional relationships for the development of innovative technologies and products. In addition, the research highlights the relevance of entrepreneurial capabilities and the development of qualified human capital, as well as the adoption of a culture of innovation. Government action is also essential, by creating favorable conditions and offering financial and political support to university initiatives. It is concluded that strengthening institutional capacities, expanding strategic partnerships and institutional support are essential for universities to play a central role in building innovation ecosystems, driving social, economic and technological development.