Humanidades digitais do sul e GAFAM. Para uma geopolítica do conhecimento digital

Autores

  • Domenico Fiormonte Universidade de Roma La Sapienza. Roma, Italia.
  • Paolo Sordi Universidade de Roma La Sapienza. Roma, Italia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18617/liinc.v15i1.4730

Palavras-chave:

Colonialismo Digital, Diversidade Cultural, Geopolítica de Internet, HD e Sul Global, Hegemonias Digitais

Resumo

Google, Amazon, Facebook e Microsoft (GAFAM) representam o maior império financeiro do planeta e aproveitando-se da arquitetura aberta e global da world wide web assumiram o controle das tecnologias que direcionam nosso consumo, evidenciando novos tempos e maneiras na produção e o acesso ao conhecimento digital. As Humanidades Digitais do Sul não podem ignorar por mais tempo a existência deste dispositivo e seus efeitos sobre a diversidade cultural e epistêmica. Se as HD nasceram com o objetivo de realizar e, em alguns casos inclusive de guiar a transformação digital dos saberes humanístico-sociais, torna-se evidente a necessidade de encarar a geopolítica dos sistemas de comunicações globais, as ambições neocoloniais das multinacionais tecnológicas o roubo dos dados, a nova matéria prima proporcionada pela população dos países emergentes. O domínio da GAFAM se baseia em um ecossistema de dispositivos, aplicações e meios que se por um lado favorecem a ideia de uma comunidade reunida em torno de uma experiência do mundo ditada pelos algoritmos, por outro conquistam cada espaço da vida privada dos indivíduos, valor este agregado à riqueza das multinacionais das redes. Pode existir, neste cenário, uma narrativa alternativa ao domínio retórico “da revolução digital” desenhada como um império privado e monocultural? Na realidade, sobretudo nas margens do Sul Global, estamos assistindo à consolidação de iniciativas e projetos em cujo centro opera a reapropriação das tecnologias em defesa da diversidade dos territórios, das línguas e das culturas locais. Uma resposta possível das HD do Sul à pedagogia global da GAFAM passa, portanto, por ações urgentes: uma formação crítica digital e a reavaliação das margens como força motriz de inovação e mudança.

Referências

Allington, Daniel, Sarah Brouillette, David Golumbia. 2016. “Neoliberal Tools (and Archives): A Political History of Digital Humanities.” Los Angeles Review of Books. May 1, 2016. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/neoliberal-tools-archives-political-history-digital-humanities/.

Alvares, Claude Alphonso, Shad, Shalem Faruqui (Eds.). Decolonising the University: the Emerging Quest for Non-Eurocentric Paradigms, Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2012.

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London New York: Verso, 1983. Trad. it. Comunità immaginate: origini e fortuna dei nazionalismi. Roma: Manifestolibri, 1996.

Auerbach, Erich. Mimesis. Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der abendländischen Literatur. Bern: Francke,1956 (trad. esp. Mimesis: la representación de la realidad en la literatura occidental. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1979).

Baca-Feldman, Carlos. F.; Parra Hinojosa, Daniela; Huerta Velázquez, Erick. “El espectro radioeléctrico como bien común: una reflexión entorno a la comunalidad y las redes celulares comunitarias en Oaxaca, México.” Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias de la Comunicación, vol. 14, n. 26 (2017): 16-26. https://www.alaic.org/revista/index.php/alaic/article/view/907/480.

Barandiaran, Xabier. E.; Vila-Viñas, David. “The Flok Doctrine.” Journal of Peer Production, n. 7 (2015). http://peerproduction.net/issues/issue-7-policies-for-the-commons/the-flok-doctrine/

Bassani, Giorgio. Gli occhiali d’oro. 21. ed. Milano: Oscar Mondadori, 2012.

Barthes, Roland. La chambre claire: note sur la photographie. Paris: Gallimard, 1980 (trad. esp. La cámara lúcida: Nota sobre la fotografía. Barcelona: Paidós, 1999).

Bauman, Zygmun, Lyon, David. Liquid Surveillance. A Conversation. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013. Trad. it. Sesto potere. La sorveglianza nella modernità liquida, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2014.

Benkler, Yochai. “Degrees of Freedom, Dimensions of Power”. Daedalus 145, n. 1 (2016): 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00362.

Benigni, Glauco. “L’universo del 5G, tra big data, stakeholders, mercato e sicurezza.” Repubblica.it, 6 de diciembre de 2018. https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/mobile/2018/12/06/news/l_universo_del_5g_tra_big_data_stakeholders_mercato_e_sicurezza-213575384/?refresh_ce.

Benigni, Glauco. La rete tra libertà e controllo. Dagli alchimisti Nasdaq al caso Snowden. Web nostrum 4. Firenze: goWare, 2015.

Benardou, Agiatis, Champion, Erik, Dallas, Costis, Hughes, Lorna. “Introduction: a Critique of Digital Practices and Research Infrastructures.” In Benardou, A., Champion, E., Dallas, C. and Hughes, L. (eds.), Cultural Heritage Infrastructures in Digital Humanities. Series: Digital Research in the Arts and Humanities. Routledge: Abingdon, 2018.

Blum, Andrew. Tubes: Behind the Scenes at the Internet. London: Penguin, 2012.

Bowker, Geoffrey. “All knowledge is Local.” Learning Communities. International Journal of Learning in Social Contexts, 2, 2010: 138-149.

Casarrubea, Giuseppe; Mario José Cereghino. Operazione Husky. Guerra piscologica e intelligence nei documenti segreti inglesi e americani sullo sbarco in Sicilia. Roma: Castelvecchi, 2013.

Chan, Anita S., Jenkins, Henry. “Peru’s Digital Futures: An Interview with Anita Say Chan (Part One).” 17 febbraio 2015. http://henryjenkins.org/2015/02/perus-digital-futures-an-interview-with-anita-say-chan-part-one.html.

Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. Updating to remain the same: habitual new media. Kindle. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2016.

CLACSO. Grupos de Trabajo seleccionados para el periodo 2016 - 2019. Bienes comunes y acceso abierto. (2016) https://clacso.org.ar/grupos_trabajo/detalle_gt.php?ficha=877&s=5&idioma=

Clark, David D. “The Contingent Internet”. Daedalus 145, n. 1 (2016): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00361.

Comaroff, Jean; Comaroff, John, L. Theory from the South. Or, How Euro-America is evolving Toward Africa. Boulder and London: Paradigm Publishers, 2012.

Darnton, Robert. George Washington’s False Teeth. An Unconventional Guide to the Eighteenth Century. New York: Norton, 2003. Trad. it. L’età dell’informazione: una guida non convenzionale al Settecento. Milano: Adelphi, 2007.

“Data Colonialism. Critiquing Consent and Control in ‘Tech for Social Change’”. Model View Culture. A Magazine about Technology, Culture and Diversity, 43. 15 de noviembre de 2016.

Davenport, Tara. “Submarine Cables, Cybersecurity and International Law: An Intersectional Analysis”, Catholic University Journal of Law and Technology, vol. 24, n. 1 (2015): 57-109. http://scholarship.law.edu/jlt/vol24/iss1/4.

Dean, James et al. Threats to Undersea Cable Communications. September 2017. Department of Homeland Security Analyst Exchange Program. https://www.dni.gov/files/PE/Documents/1---2017-AEP-Threats-to-Undersea-Cable-Communications.pdf.

Deibert, Ron. “The Geopolitics of Cyberspace after Snowden”, Current History. A Journal of Contemporary World Affairs, vol. 114, n. 768 (2015): 9-15. http://www.currenthistory.com/Article.php?ID=1210.

DeNardis, Laura. The Global War for Internet Governance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.

DeVoe, Anne. “Carrying a Piece of Congo in Our Pockets: Global Complicity to Congo’s Sexual Violence and the Conflict Minerals Trade,” Seattle Journal for Social Justice, Vol. 10, n. 1, (2011): 463-507. http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj/vol10/iss1/30.

Dixon, Chris. “The Internet Economy”, 29 de abril de 2016. https://medium.com/@cdixon/the-internet-economy-fc43f3eff58a.

Dourish, Paul. “‘Computational Thinking’ and the Postcolonial in the Teaching From Country Programme”. Learning Communities. International Journal of Learning in Social Contexts, 2, 2010: 91-101.

Fabbri, Dario et al. “La rete a stelle e strisce”, Limes. Rivista Italiana di Geopolitica, n. 10 (2018).

Fiormonte, Domenico; Numerico, Teresa; Tomasi, Francesca. The Digital Humanist. A Critical Inquiry. New York: Punctum Books, 2015.

Fiormonte, Domenico. “Digital Humanities and the Geopolitics of Knowledge.” Digital Studies/Le Champ Numérique, vol. 7, n.1 (2017). DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.274.

Fiormonte, Domenico; Priego, Ernesto. “Knowledge Monopolies and Global Academic Publishing.” Paper presented at the conference The Toronto School. Then, Now, Next, University of Toronto, October 13-16, 2016. https://thewinnower.com/papers/4965-knowledge-monopolies-and-global-academic-publishing.

Frankel, Todd C. “The Cobalt Pipeline. Tracing the path from deadly hand-dug mines in Congo to consumers’ phones and laptops.” The Washington Post. 30 de septiembre de 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/business/batteries/congo-cobalt-mining-for-lithium-ion-battery/.

Gairola, Rahul K., Roth, Martin. “Cyber Zones: Digital Spatialities and Material Realities across Asia.”Asiascape: Digital Asia 6 (2019): 4-16. doi:10.1163/22142312-12340099

Galeano, Eduardo. Las venas abiertas de América Latina. México, DF: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 2004.

Galloway, Scott. The Four. The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google, London: Penguin, 2018.

Gallino, Luciano. La scomparsa dell’Italia industriale. Torino: Einaudi, 2013.

Gigliozzi, Giuseppe. Saggi di informatica umanistica (a cura di M. Trevisan). Milano: Unicopli, 2008.

Graham, Mark. ed. Digital Economy at Global Margins, Cambridge – Lodon: MIT, 2019.

Gramsci, Antonio. Quaderni del carcere, Edizione critica dell'Istituto Gramsci a cura di Valentino Gerratana, 4 voll., Torino: Einaudi, 1975.

Guilherme, Manuela; Gunther, Dietz. “Introduction. Winds of the South: Intercultural university Models for the 21st Century”. Winds of the South: Intercultural university Models for the 21st Century. Special Issue at Arts & Humanities in Higher Education, vol. 16, n. 1 (2017): 7–16.

Hill, Kashmir. «I Cut the “Big Five” Tech Giants From My Life. It Was Hell». Gizmodo, 7 febbraio 2019. https://gizmodo.com/i-cut-the-big-five-tech-giants-from-my-life-it-was-hel-1831304194.

Hu, Tung-Hui. A Prehistory of the Cloud. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.

Hurst, Mark. “The Geopolitics of the Internet.” CCCBLAB. Research and Innovation in the Cultural Sphere, 11 de diciembre 2013. http://blogs.cccb.org/lab/en/article_la-geopolitica-dinternet/.

Innis, Harold Adams. Empire and communications. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. I ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950. Trad. it. Impero e comunicazioni. Roma: Meltemi, 2001.

Jeet Singh, Parminder. “Developing Countries in the Emerging Global Digital Order. A Critical Geopolitical Challenge to which the Global South Must Respond.” IT for Change. Bridging Development Realities and Technological Possibilities. 17 de febrero de 2017. http://www.itforchange.net/developing-countries-emerging-global-digital-order

Jullien, François. Il n’y a pas d’identité culturelle. Paris: L’Herne, 2016. Trad. it. L’identità culturale non esiste. Torino: Einaudi, 2018.

Kiriya, Ilya. “Les études médiatiques dans les BRICS contre les bases de données occidentales: critique de la domination académique anglophone.” Hermès, La Revue, 79(3), 2017: 71-77. https://www.cairn.info/revue-hermes-la-revue-2017-3-page-71.htm.

Kobek, Jarett. Io odio Internet: un romanzo utile. Roma: Fazi, 2018.

Kress, Gunther. Multimodalità: un approccio socio-semiotico alla comunicazione contemporanea. Bari: Progedit, 2015.

Kulikova, Alexandra. “What is really going on with Russia’s new internet laws”, 24 ottobre 2014. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/what-is-really-going-on-with-russias-new-internet-laws/.

Lal, Vinay. Empire of Knowledge Culture and Plurality in the Global Economy. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, 2005.

Larivière, Vincent; Haustein, Stefanie; Mongeon, Philippe. “The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era.” PLoS ONE 10(6), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127502.

Liaropoulos, Andrew N. “Exploring the Complexity of Cyberspace Governance: State Sovereignty, Multistakeholderism, and Power Politics”, Journal of Information Warfare, vol. 15, n. 4 (2016): 14-26.

López Guevara, Estefanía.; Salcedo-Albarán, Eduardo. Trafficking of Coltan in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Global Observatory of Transnational Criminal Networks. Research Paper No. 6. VORTEX Working Papers No. 18. Bogotá: Vortex Foundation, 2017.

Manjoo, Farhad. “Tech’s Frightful Five: They’ve Got Us.” New York Times, 10 maggio 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/technology/techs-frightful-five-theyve-got-us.html.

Martino, Luigi. “La Quinta Dimensione della Conflittualità. La rilevanza Strategica del Cyberspace e i Rischi di Guerra Cibernetica”, Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi Strategici, Internazionali e Imprenditoriali (CSSII), Università degli Studi di Firenze, 2012. https://www.cssii.unifi.it/vp-154-articoli-e-paper.html.

Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, Kenneth Cukier. Big data: a revolution that will transform how we live, work and think. London: John Murray, 2017 (trad. esp. Big data: la revolución de los datos masivos. Madrid: Turner, 2018).

McLuhan, Marshall. The Gutenberg Galaxy. The Making of Typographic Man. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962 (trad. esp. La galaxia Gutenberg: génesis del "Homo typographicus". Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg. Círculo de Lectores, 1998).

Mignolo, Walter (2018). “On Pluriversality and Multipolar World Order”, in Reiter, Bernd (ed.). Constructing the Pluriverse. The Geopolitics of Knowledge. Durahm and London: Duke University Press, 2018: 90-116.

Milan, Stefania; Treré, Emiliano. “Big Data from the South(s): Beyond Data Universalism.” Television & New Media, 2019, Vol. 20(4): 319-335. DOI: 10.1177/1527476419837739.

Mueller, Milton. Will the Internet Fragment?. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017.

Mukerjee, Subhayan. “Net neutrality, Facebook, and India’s battle to #SaveTheInternet.” Communication and the Public, Vol. 1, n.3 (2016): 356–361. DOI: 10.1177/2057047316665850.

Oberhaus, Daniel. “How I Quit Apple, Microsoft, Google, Facebook, and Amazon”. Motherboard, 13 dicembre 2018. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/ev3qw7/how-to-quit-apple-microsoft-google-facebook-amazon.

Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technoloizing of the Word. Methuen & Co., 1982 (trad. esp. Oralidad y escritura: tecnologías de la palabra. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2013).

O’Neil, Cathy. Weapons of math destruction. How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. London: Penguin, 2018.

Parikka, Jussi. A Geology of Media. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.

Philip, Kavita; Irani, Lilly; Dourish, Paul. “Postcolonial Computing: A Tactical Survey”. Science Technology Human Values, 37(1): 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243910389594.

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

Porro, Mario. “Jullien, l’identità culturale non esiste”. Doppiozero. 27 de agosto de 2018. https://www.doppiozero.com/materiali/jullien-lidentita-culturale-non-esiste

Reichenstein, Oliver. «Web Trend Map 2018: The Web like We Know It Is Gone—We Want It Back!», 15 de enero de 2018. https://ia.net/topics/web-trend-map-2018.

Reiter, Bernd, ed. Constructing the Pluriverse. The Geopolitics of Knowledge. Durahm and London: Duke University Press, 2018.

Ricciardi, Mario. «La Costituzione del digitale». DigitCult - Scientific Journal on Digital Cultures 3, n. 3 (23 dicembre 2018): 41–60. https://doi.org/10.4399/97888255208975.

Risam, Roopika (2019). New digital worlds: Postcolonial digital humanities in theory, praxis, and pedagogy. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.

Rockwell, Geoffrey, Fiormonte, Domenico. “Palantir: Reading the Surveillance Thing. Critical Software Stories as a Way of the Digital Humanities.” AIUCD 2017 Conference, La Sapienza Università di Roma, 26 y 28 de enero de 2017.

Rossiter, Ned; Soenke, Zehle. “The Aesthetics of Algorithmic Experience”. Organized Networks (blog). 4 de enero de 2015. https://nedrossiter.org/?p=436.

Santos, Boaventura de Sousa. “Una nueva visión de Europa. Aprender del Sur global”, in Santos, Boaventura de Sousa; Mendes, José Manuel (eds.). Demodiversidad. Imaginar nuevas posibilidades democráticas. Madrid: Akal, 2017: 59-92.

Santos, Boaventura de Sousa, Nunes, João Arriscado; Meneses, Maria Paula. (2007). “Introduction: Opening up the Canon of Knowledge and Recognition of Difference”, in Santos, B. Sousa (ed.). Another Knowledge is Possible: Beyond Northern Epistemologies. London-New York: Verso, 2007: xix-xv.

Schmidt, Desmond. “The Role of Markup in the Digital Humanities.” Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung (Special Issue: Digital Humanities), 37, 3, 2012: 125-146.

Shehabi, Arman; Josephine Smith, Sarah; Sartor, Dale A.; Brown, Richard E.; Herrlin, Magnus; Koomey, Jonathan G.; Masanet, Eric R.; Horner, Nathaniel; Lima Azevedo, Inês; Lintner, William. United States Data Center Energy Usage Report. 2016. https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/united-states-data-center-energy.

Simmons, Anjuan. “Technology Colonialism.” Model View Culture. A Magazine about Technology, Culture and Diversity, 27. 18 de septiembre de 2015. https://modelviewculture.com/pieces/technology-colonialism.

Sordi, Paolo. La macchina dello storytelling. Facebook e il potere di narrazione nell’era dei social media. Roma: Bordeaux Edizioni, 2018.

Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 (trad. esp. Después de Babel. Aspectos del lenguaje y la traducción. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2001).

Sushcheva, Natalia, Jacques Fontanel. “Les GAFAM”. 2018. hal-01935957. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01935957/document.

Taplin, Jonathan. Move fast and break things: how Facebook, Google, and Amazon have cornered culture and what it means for all of us. London: Macmillan, 2017.

Telles, Marcio. “Ours Is A Battery Life: Infrastructuralism, Materiality, and Endology of Media”. Paper presented at the Toronto School Conference. Then. Now. Next, Toronto - 13-16 October 2016. https://www.academia.edu/26756892/Ours_Is_A_Battery_Life_infrastructuralism_materiality_and_endology_of_media

Tufekci, Zeynep. «As the Pirates Become CEOs: The Closing of the Open Internet». Daedalus 145, n. 1 (2016): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00366.

UNESCO, Investing in cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue: UNESCO World Report 2009. http://www.unesco.org/en/world-reports/cultural-diversity.

Williams, Raymond. “Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory”, in Cultural Materialism. Selected Essays. London and New York: Verso, 2005.

Winseck, Dwayne. “The Geopolitical Economy of the Global Internet Infrastructure Source,” Journal of Information Policy, vol. 7 (2017): 228-267. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jinfopoli.7.2017.0228.

Yoshiki, Mikami, Kodama, Shigeaki. “Measuring Linguistic Diversity on the Web”, in Vannini, L., Le Crosnier, H. (eds.). Net.Lang. Towards the Multilingual Cyberspace. Caen: C&F Éditions, 2012, pp. 121-139.

Zaugg, Isabelle. “Imagining a multilingual cyberspace. How the internet damaged linguistic diversity,and what you can do to fix it”. 2019. https://findingctrl.nesta.org.uk/imagining-a-multilingual-cyberspace/.

Publicado

28/06/2019

Edição

Seção

Humanidades digitais: olhares do sul