In the capitalist system, nature is used as a source of production, but also as an accumulation strategy. The most recent sociobiological regime of accumulation is called surveillance ecocapitalism, in which, through devices for collecting, processing and analyzing environmental data, the Center monitors, usurps and financializes the environment and the cultures of communities in the Periphery. Given this context, the present work aims to respond to the following problem: what are the challenges in guaranteeing the sovereignty of environmental data in the Periphery in the face of its legal dependence and new technologies for monitoring and intervening in nature that endorse the sociobiological regime of accumulation, called ecocapitalism of surveillance? It uses a historical-dialectic materialist approach and exploratory and bibliographical research. It is concluded that the main challenge for the sovereignty of environmental data is centered on the capitalist mode of production and the relationship imposed between human beings, capital and nature. This challenge is intensified in the scenario of surveillance ecocapitalism, which is based on the post-materialism of the Center, the materialism of the Periphery and “green capitalism” (where nature is subjected to the logic of capital). As a solution, the creation of environmental data cooperatives is proposed, based on justice and sovereignty of environmental data,  granting nature the status of cooperative by recognizing its “data work”, in order to ensure that countries have geopolitical autonomy, control over the adjacent technological infrastructure and respect for democracy and the fundamental rights that surround them.